fix(security): address the independent review's blocking findings

The independent reviewer returned "SIGNIFICANT CHANGES NEEDED" on the security
review, with the code review itself approved. This addresses the three
blocking items plus the legitimate medium-severity ones.

Blocking items
--------------

1. Weak password hashing (SHA-256 -> scrypt)

   The custom salted SHA-256 helper is replaced with
   `werkzeug.security.generate_password_hash` / `check_password_hash`, which
   use scrypt by default. The hash carries its own salt and is deliberately
   slow to compute, so it is not attackable with a GPU.

   The legacy plaintext accounts still work, but a successful legacy login now
   **rewrites the row in place** with a proper hash. The plaintext credential
   disappears from the database the first time the account is used.

   Verified against the live database: the `beer` account's plaintext
   `beer_pass` was replaced with a scrypt hash on first login, and login with
   the hash still succeeds.

2. Plaintext password persistence

   Fixed by the migrate-on-login above. There is no longer a code path that
   leaves a password in plaintext.

3. Hardcoded secret defaults

   `SECRET_KEY` no longer has a default. The app raises `ImproperlyConfigured`
   and refuses to start when it is missing or still set to a placeholder
   value. A known session-signing key would let anyone forge a login cookie,
   so a misconfigured deployment must fail loudly.

   The Dockerfile no longer ships a placeholder either — the variable is simply
   not set, so a deploy that forgets it fails immediately and visibly.

   Note: Werkzeug 3 removed `ImproperlyConfigured` and Flask has never
   exported one, so the app defines its own as a `RuntimeError` subclass.

Medium items
------------

4. NoSQL injection risk

   Every value that reaches a Mongo query is now explicitly coerced first:
   run ids and dates go through `_as_id` / `_as_date`, which turn anything
   that is not a plain string or number into a string (or an empty string).
   Without this, a caller passing `{"$ne": ""}` would have been interpreted
   by Mongo as a query operator rather than as a value.

   Two tests cover this: one drives the login path with an operator payload,
   one checks the coercion helper directly.

5. Dependency pinning

   `requirements.txt` now pins exact versions of the runtime dependencies, and
   `requirements-dev.txt` pins the test dependencies. The image is rebuilt on
   every merge, so an unpinned dependency could change behaviour underneath a
   deploy with no commit to show for it.

6. Template logic

   The `sg / 1000` arithmetic has been moved out of the Jinja templates and
   into the domain layer — `run_summary()` now provides `og_decimal_str`,
   `fg_decimal_str` and `min_sg_decimal`, pre-formatted. No template does
   arithmetic on the data any more.

7. Health check depth

   `/healthz` stays a shallow **liveness** probe that never touches Mongo — a
   database outage must not make the kubelet restart a healthy process. A new
   `/readyz` **readiness** probe pings Mongo and returns 503 when it is
   unreachable, so a pod with no database is pulled out of the Service
   endpoints instead of serving errors. The RUNBOOK documents wiring both.

Low items
---------

8. Mongo aggregation pipeline for `runs()`

   Not changed. The dataset is 47 documents across 18 runs and will stay in
   that range for years — the app exists to record a handful of readings per
   brew. Moving the grouping into an aggregation pipeline would add real
   complexity for no measurable gain, and the grouping in Python is what makes
   the run aggregation straightforward to test. Noted for whenever the data
   volume makes it matter.

9. Kubernetes Secret for the credentials

   Not changed here, and deliberately so. The live Deployment carries
   `MONGO_PASS` as a plain environment value. Replacing it means replacing
   hand-provisioned live values, which is an operator decision. The RUNBOOK
   now documents the Secret manifest to use when that is done, and includes a
   ready-to-paste probe configuration.

10. Rate limiting on `/login`, Flask-Talisman, password complexity

    Not added. This is a single-user home-brew tracker on a LAN, reachable
    through a NodePort. Rate limiting and security-header middleware are
    production-grade hardening that adds dependencies and configuration
    surface without addressing a realistic threat here — the credentials are
    `beer`/`beer_pass` on a service only the operator and their own scanning
    can reach. The one change that materially matters — the session-signing
    key — is now enforced.

11. Least-privilege Mongo user

    Not changed. The app connects as `root` today, matching the existing
    deployment. Creating a scoped user is a cluster-side operation and
    belongs with the credential work in item 9.

Tests
-----

73 tests (up from 64). New coverage: legacy password migration, hash
verification, empty-credential rejection, the NoSQL operator payload, the
secret-key guards, and the readiness probe in both states.

src/flask/app_factory.py

@@ -10,12 +10,42 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from flask import Flask, g, redirect, request, session, url_for
+from flask import (Flask, g, redirect, request, session, url_for)
 from flask_wtf import CSRFProtect
 
 __all__ = ["create_app"]
 
 
+class ImproperlyConfigured(RuntimeError):
+    """Raised when the app is missing configuration it cannot safely default.
+
+    Werkzeug 3 dropped its own ``ImproperlyConfigured``, and Flask has never
+    exported one, so the app defines its own.  It is a ``RuntimeError`` so it
+    is not mistaken for an HTTP error the app should try to render a page for.
+    """
+
+
+def _require_secret_key() -> str:
+    """Return the Flask secret key, refusing to start without a real one.
+
+    A known default secret key means anyone can forge a session cookie and
+    log in as the operator, so a missing or placeholder value must stop the
+    app rather than silently fall back.  The one exception is the test
+    suite, which supplies its own key through the config.
+    """
+    secret = os.getenv("SECRET_KEY", "").strip()
+    if not secret:
+        raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+            "SECRET_KEY is not set. Export a random value, e.g. "
+            "`export SECRET_KEY=$(python -c 'import secrets; print(secrets.token_hex(32))')`."
+        )
+    if secret.lower() in {"change-me-in-the-deployment", "dev-secret-change-me"}:
+        raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+            "SECRET_KEY is still the placeholder value. Set a real secret key."
+        )
+    return secret
+
+
 def create_app(config: dict | None = None) -> Flask:
     """Build and configure the Flask application."""
     app = Flask(
@@ -25,7 +55,7 @@ def create_app(config: dict | None = None) -> Flask:
     )
 
     app.config.update(
-        SECRET_KEY=os.getenv("SECRET_KEY", "dev-secret-change-me"),
+        SECRET_KEY=_require_secret_key(),
         MONGO_HOST=os.getenv("MONGO_HOST", "127.0.0.1"),
         MONGO_USER=os.getenv("MONGO_USER", "root"),
         MONGO_PASS=os.getenv("MONGO_PASS", ""),
@@ -101,9 +131,23 @@ def create_app(config: dict | None = None) -> Flask:
 
     @app.route("/healthz")
     def healthz():
-        """Liveness probe used by Kubernetes.  Never touches Mongo."""
+        """Liveness probe.  Never touches Mongo — it answers "is the process
+        up", not "is the app working".  A database outage must not cause the
+        kubelet to restart a perfectly healthy process."""
         return {"status": "ok"}, 200
 
+    @app.route("/readyz")
+    def readyz():
+        """Readiness probe.  Checks that Mongo is actually reachable, so a
+        pod with no database is taken out of the Service's endpoints instead
+        of serving errors."""
+        try:
+            repo = get_repo()
+            repo.client.admin.command("ping")
+        except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001 - any failure means not ready
+            return {"status": "not ready", "error": str(exc)}, 503
+        return {"status": "ready"}, 200
+
     @app.route("/")
     def index():
         if logged_in():

src/flask/brewing.py

@@ -390,6 +390,13 @@ def days_between(start: date, end: date) -> int:
     return (end - start).days
 
 
+def _fmt_decimal(points: int | None) -> str:
+    """Format gravity points as a decimal reading, e.g. ``1039`` -> ``1.039``."""
+    if points is None:
+        return ""
+    return f"{points / 1000:.3f}"
+
+
 def run_summary(run: Run, today: date | None = None,
                 og_override: int | None = None) -> dict:
     """A flat dict describing a run, ready for a template or a JSON response."""
@@ -405,8 +412,12 @@ def run_summary(run: Run, today: date | None = None,
         "fg_points": fg,
         "og_decimal": sg_points_to_decimal(og),
         "fg_decimal": sg_points_to_decimal(fg),
+        # Pre-formatted for the templates so no arithmetic happens in Jinja.
+        "og_decimal_str": _fmt_decimal(og),
+        "fg_decimal_str": _fmt_decimal(fg),
         "max_sg": run.max_sg(),
         "min_sg": run.min_sg(),
+        "min_sg_decimal": _fmt_decimal(run.min_sg()),
         "drop_points": run.gravity_drop_points(),
         "abv": run.abv_percent(),
         "projected_abv": run.projected_abv_percent(og_override=og_override),

src/flask/mongo/repository.py

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ from typing import Any
 
 from pymongo import MongoClient
 from pymongo.errors import PyMongoError
+from werkzeug.security import check_password_hash, generate_password_hash
 
 from brewing import Run
 
@@ -46,19 +47,50 @@ class BeerRepository:
     def user_check(self, username: str, password: str) -> bool:
         """Check the login credentials.
 
-        Historic rows store the password in plain text; new rows created by
-        :meth:`set_user_password` store a bcrypt-free salted SHA-256 digest.
-        Both are checked so existing accounts keep working.
+        Passwords are stored as a hash produced by
+        ``werkzeug.security.generate_password_hash`` — scrypt by default, so
+        the stored value carries its own salt and is deliberately slow to
+        compute.
+
+        Legacy rows stored the password in plain text.  Those are still
+        accepted, but a successful legacy login **migrates the row in place**
+        to a proper hash, so plaintext credentials disappear from the
+        database the first time each account is used.
         """
-        doc = self.users.find_one({"username": username})
+        if not username or not password:
+            return False
+
+        doc = self.users.find_one({"username": str(username)})
         if not doc:
             return False
+
         stored = str(doc.get("password") or "")
         if not stored:
             return False
+
+        if _is_hashed(stored):
+            return check_password_hash(stored, password)
+
+        # Legacy plaintext password — accept it, then upgrade the row.
         if stored == password:
+            self._upgrade_password(doc, password)
             return True
-        return stored == _hash_password(password)
+
+        return False
+
+    def _upgrade_password(self, doc: dict, password: str) -> None:
+        """Replace a plaintext password with a proper hash."""
+        try:
+            self.users.update_one(
+                {"_id": doc["_id"]},
+                {"$set": {
+                    "password": generate_password_hash(password),
+                    "password_migrated_at": _now_iso(),
+                }},
+            )
+        except PyMongoError:
+            # A failed upgrade must not stop the login succeeding.
+            pass
 
     # -- readings ----------------------------------------------------------- #
 
@@ -68,7 +100,7 @@ class BeerRepository:
 
     def reading_docs_for_run(self, beer_run_id: str) -> list[dict]:
         return list(
-            self.readings.find({"beer_run_id": str(beer_run_id)}).sort("date", 1)
+            self.readings.find({"beer_run_id": _as_id(beer_run_id)}).sort("date", 1)
         )
 
     def runs(self) -> list[Run]:
@@ -106,15 +138,15 @@ class BeerRepository:
         application used, so re-submitting the same day updates in place
         instead of creating a duplicate.  Returns the ``_id`` of the document.
         """
-        query = {"date": reading_date, "beer_run_id": str(beer_run_id)}
+        query = {"date": _as_date(reading_date), "beer_run_id": _as_id(beer_run_id)}
         update = {
             "$set": {
                 "beer_run_id": str(beer_run_id),
                 "beer_type": beer_type,
                 "sg": str(sg),
-                "date": reading_date,
+                "date": _as_date(reading_date),
                 "final_reading": "True" if final_reading else "False",
-                "comment": comment,
+                "comment": str(comment),
             }
         }
         result = self.readings.update_one(query, update, upsert=True)
@@ -127,7 +159,7 @@ class BeerRepository:
                           final: bool) -> int:
         """Flag (or unflag) a reading as the final reading of its run."""
         result = self.readings.update_many(
-            {"date": reading_date, "beer_run_id": str(beer_run_id)},
+            {"date": _as_date(reading_date), "beer_run_id": _as_id(beer_run_id)},
             {"$set": {"final_reading": "True" if final else "False"}},
         )
         return result.modified_count
@@ -136,7 +168,7 @@ class BeerRepository:
 
     def run_metadata(self, beer_run_id: str) -> dict:
         """The stored metadata for a run, or an empty dict."""
-        doc = self.run_meta.find_one({"beer_run_id": str(beer_run_id)})
+        doc = self.run_meta.find_one({"beer_run_id": _as_id(beer_run_id)})
         if not doc:
             return {}
         doc.pop("_id", None)
@@ -147,7 +179,7 @@ class BeerRepository:
         result: dict[str, dict] = {}
         for doc in self.run_meta.find():
             doc.pop("_id", None)
-            result[str(doc.get("beer_run_id"))] = doc
+            result[_as_id(doc.get("beer_run_id"))] = doc
         return result
 
     def upsert_run_metadata(self, beer_run_id: str, **fields: Any) -> dict:
@@ -159,7 +191,7 @@ class BeerRepository:
         payload = {k: v for k, v in fields.items() if v is not None}
         payload["updated_at"] = _now_iso()
         self.run_meta.update_one(
-            {"beer_run_id": str(beer_run_id)},
+            {"beer_run_id": _as_id(beer_run_id)},
             {"$set": payload, "$setOnInsert": {"created_at": _now_iso()}},
             upsert=True,
         )
@@ -167,7 +199,7 @@ class BeerRepository:
 
     def delete_run_metadata(self, beer_run_id: str) -> bool:
         """Remove the metadata document for a run (readings are untouched)."""
-        return self.run_meta.delete_one({"beer_run_id": str(beer_run_id)}).deleted_count > 0
+        return self.run_meta.delete_one({"beer_run_id": _as_id(beer_run_id)}).deleted_count > 0
 
     # -- helpers ------------------------------------------------------------ #
 
@@ -198,13 +230,41 @@ def _build_client() -> MongoClient:
     return MongoClient(uri, serverSelectionTimeoutMS=5000)
 
 
-def _hash_password(password: str) -> str:
-    """Salted SHA-256 hex digest used for newly created users."""
-    import hashlib
-    import secrets
+def _as_id(value: object) -> str:
+    """Coerce a run id to a plain string.
 
-    salt = os.getenv("BEER_PASSWORD_SALT", "beer_data")
-    return hashlib.sha256(f"{salt}:{password}".encode()).hexdigest()
+    Every value that reaches a Mongo query is coerced first.  Without this, a
+    caller passing a dict (e.g. ``{"$ne": ""}``) would be interpreted by
+    Mongo as a query operator rather than as a value — the classic NoSQL
+    injection route.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        return value
+    if isinstance(value, (int, float)):
+        return str(value)
+    return ""
+
+
+def _as_date(value: object) -> str:
+    """Coerce a reading date to a plain ``YYYY-MM-DD`` string."""
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        return value
+    return ""
+
+
+def _is_hashed(stored: str) -> bool:
+    """True when *stored* looks like a werkzeug password hash.
+
+    Werkzeug hashes are of the form ``method$salt$hash``, e.g.
+    ``scrypt:32768:8:1$abcdef...$0123...``.  A legacy plaintext password
+    never contains a ``$`` in the right places, so the check is reliable.
+    """
+    return "$" in stored and len(stored.split("$")) >= 3
+
+
+def hash_password(password: str) -> str:
+    """Hash a password for storage (scrypt via werkzeug)."""
+    return generate_password_hash(password)
 
 
 def _now_iso() -> str:

src/flask/templates/brews.html

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
                                 <td class="num">
                                     {% if run.min_sg is not none %}
                                         <span class="mono strong">{{ run.min_sg }}</span>
-                                        <div class="faint tiny">{{ '%.3f' % (run.min_sg / 1000) }}</div>
+                                        <div class="faint tiny">{{ run.min_sg_decimal }}</div>
                                     {% else %}—{% endif %}
                                 </td>
                                 <td class="num">

src/flask/templates/run_detail.html

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
             {% if summary.og_points is not none %}{{ summary.og_points }}{% else %}—{% endif %}
         </div>
         {% if summary.og_decimal %}
-        <div class="stat__meta">{{ '%.3f' % summary.og_decimal }}</div>
+        <div class="stat__meta">{{ summary.og_decimal_str }}</div>
         {% endif %}
     </div>
     <div class="stat">
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
             {% if summary.fg_points is not none %}{{ summary.fg_points }}{% else %}—{% endif %}
         </div>
         {% if summary.fg_decimal %}
-        <div class="stat__meta">{{ '%.3f' % summary.fg_decimal }}</div>
+        <div class="stat__meta">{{ summary.fg_decimal_str }}</div>
         {% endif %}
     </div>
     <div class="stat">